Thallium-gadolinium-yttrium nanodot composition

ABSTRACT

A fluorescent nanocomposite which includes a thallium doped gadolinium chalcogenide having formula Tl x Gd 1-x Y, wherein x is 0.01 to 0.1, and Y is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, or Te, and a benzothiazolium salt bound to a surface of the thallium doped gadolinium chalcogenide. A method of detecting antimony ions in a fluid sample whereby the fluid sample is contacted with the fluorescent nanocomposite to form a mixture, and a fluorescence emission profile of the mixture is measured to determine a presence or absence of antimony ions in the fluid sample, wherein a reduction in intensity of a fluorescence emissions peak associated with the fluorescent nanocomposite indicates the presence of antimony ions in the fluid sample.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to an antimony selective fluorescentchemosensor, particularly a fluorescent nanocomposite of a thalliumdoped gadolinium chalcogenide and a benzothiazolium salt, and methods ofdetecting antimony ions in a fluid sample with the fluorescentnanocomposite.

Discussion of the Background

The “background” description provided herein is for the purpose ofgenerally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of thepresently named inventors, to the extent it is described in thisbackground section, as well as aspects of the description which may nototherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neitherexpressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the presentinvention.

Antimony is a semi-metallic element that has two different forms eitherin silvery metallic form or nonmetallic grey powder form. It is mainlyused in semiconducting devices such as infrared detectors, diodes, cablesheathing and batteries. Additionally, various compounds based onantimony have been developed for the synthesis of ceramic enamels,paints and flame-proofing materials. Antimony also exists in water andsoil, and causes water and soil pollution. Exposure to antimony causesharmful diseases such as diarrhea, heart problems, lung diseases,stomach ulcers, reproductive failure, cancer and severe vomiting.Therefore, the maximum permissible amount of antimony should not exceed9 mg/L according to the world health organization (WHO). Because of thetoxicity of antimony, there is a real demand to develop an efficienttechnique to monitor the amount of antimony in water. Various approacheshave been developed to determine the amount of antimony such aselectrochemical techniques, atomic emission spectrometry, strippingchronopotentiometric (SCP) methods, and inductive coupled plasmaspectrometry. While these approaches can be successfully used to detectantimony, their accuracy diminishes in the presence of other elements.Further, such approaches suffer from a high cost (particularly the costof specialized equipment), tedious preparation of samples, difficultoperation, and the need for trained professionals to carry out theanalysis. Thus such methods are not practical. Another strategy fordetection of antimony involves luminescence techniques. However, suchtechniques are troubled by photobleaching, high temperature instability,and sludge generation.

In view of the forgoing, there is a need for effective, sensitive, andselective fluorescent chemosensors for the detection of antimony, whichare easy and inexpensive to make, and which are can operate under abroad range of pH values and temperatures.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, it is one object of the present invention to provide afluorescent nanocomposite of a thallium doped gadolinium chalcogenideand a benzothiazolium salt for the detection of antimony ions, which ishighly sensitive to and selective for only antimony ions, is easy tomake, and which can operate under a broad range of pH values andtemperatures.

It is another object of the present disclosure to provide methods forthe detection of antimony and/or determination of antimony ionconcentration in a fluid sample using the fluorescent nanocomposite.

It is another object of the present disclosure to provide methods forremoving antimony ions from a fluid sample using the fluorescentnanocomposite as an adsorbent.

Thus the present disclosure provides:

A fluorescent nanocomposite that contains (i) a thallium dopedgadolinium chalcogenide having formula Tl_(x)Gd_(1-x)Y, wherein x is0.01 to 0.1, and Y is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, orTe, and (ii) a benzothiazolium salt of formula I bound to a surface ofthe thallium doped gadolinium chalcogenide,

wherein:

R¹ is a C₁-C₄ alkyl or an arylalkyl,

R² and R³ are independently an optionally substituted alkyl group, orwherein R² and

R³ together form a five or six membered ring with the nitrogen to whichthey are attached,

R⁴ and R⁵ are independently a hydrogen or an alkyl group, and

A is Br, I, or ClO₄.

In some embodiments, x is 0.04 to 0.06 and Y is S.

In some embodiments, the thallium doped gadolinium chalcogenide isTl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S.

In some embodiments, the thallium doped gadolinium chalcogenide is inthe form of core-type quantum dots having an average particle size of 3to 7 nm.

In some embodiments, the thallium doped gadolinium chalcogenide ispresent in an amount of 14 to 35 wt. %, based on a total weight of thefluorescent nanocomposite.

In some embodiments, R¹ is a methyl, ethyl, or benzyl; R² and R³ areindependently a methyl, an ethyl, or a 2-cyanoethyl; and R⁴ and R⁵ areindependently a hydrogen or a methyl.

In some embodiments, the benzothiazolium salt of formula I is

In some embodiments, a weight ratio of the benzothiazolium salt offormula I to the thallium doped gadolinium chalcogenide is 1.95:1 to6.0:1.

In some embodiments, the benzothiazolium salt of formula I is present inan amount of 65 to 86 wt. %, based on a total weight of the fluorescentnanocomposite.

In some embodiments, the fluorescent nanocomposite consists of thethallium doped gadolinium chalcogenide and the benzothiazolium salt offormula I.

In some embodiments, the fluorescent nanocomposite has a fluorescenceemissions peak at 605 to 620 nm at an excitation wavelength of 450 nm.

A method of detecting antimony ions in a fluid sample that includescontacting the fluid sample with the fluorescent nanocomposite to form amixture, and measuring a fluorescence emission profile of the mixture todetermine a presence or absence of antimony ions in the fluid sample,wherein a reduction in intensity of a fluorescence emissions peakassociated with the fluorescent nanocomposite indicates the presence ofantimony ions in the fluid sample.

In some embodiments, 0.5 to 10 mg of the fluorescent nanocomposite isemployed per 1 mL of the fluid sample during the contacting.

In some embodiments, the mixture has a pH of 2 to 11 and a temperatureof 10 to 70° C.

In some embodiments, antimony ions are present in the fluid sample, andwherein a concentration of antimony ions in the fluid sample is from0.0001 to 1,000 mg/L.

In some embodiments, the fluid sample is a wastewater, a tap water, awell water, or a river water.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises determining aconcentration of the antimony ions in the fluid sample by measuring arelative intensity of the mixture (I₀/I), defined as a ratio of amaximum fluorescence intensity of the fluorescent nanocomposite in ablank sample devoid of antimony ions (I₀) to a maximum fluorescenceintensity of the mixture (I), and comparing to a calibration curve thatrelates antimony ion concentration to relative intensity (I₀/I).

In some embodiments, the fluid sample comprises one or more cations ofpotassium, magnesium, iron, arsenic, cobalt, cadmium, mercury, aluminum,and chromium, and the method is selective for detection of antimonyions, wherein only the presence of antimony ions in the mixture producesa reduction in the intensity of the fluorescence emissions peak ofgreater than 2%.

In some embodiments, the method has a antimony ion detection lower limitof 0.00001 to 0.0001 mg/L.

A method of removing antimony ions from a fluid sample that includescontacting the fluid sample with the fluorescent nanocomposite to form amixture, whereby antimony ions adsorb onto the fluorescent nanocompositeto form a loaded nanocomposite, and separating the loaded nanocompositefrom the mixture by centrifugation and/or filtration, wherein aconcentration of antimony ions in the fluid sample after the contactingand separating is lower than an initial concentration of antimony ionsin the fluid sample.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing paragraphs have been provided by way of generalintroduction, and are not intended to limit the scope of the followingclaims. A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of theattendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the samebecomes better understood by reference to the following detaileddescription when considered in connection with the accompanyingdrawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 illustrates a SEM image for the prepared Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)Snanoparticles;

FIG. 2 illustrates the XRD patterns of the prepared Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)Snanoparticles;

FIG. 3 illustrates the FTIR spectra of the Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)Snanoparticles before and after surface decoration with2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium;

FIG. 4 illustrates the luminescence intensity of the decoratedTl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticles with2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium at different pHvalues;

FIG. 5 illustrates the luminescence intensity of the decoratedTl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticles with2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium at different storagetimes;

FIG. 6 illustrates the luminescence intensity of the decoratedTl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticles with2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium at differenttemperatures;

FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate the luminescence spectra of the decoratedTl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticles with2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium at differentantimony concentrations in water (7A) and the calibration curve of therelative luminescence intensity (I₀/I) against antimony concentrationsin water (7B); and

FIG. 8 illustrates the plot of the relative intensity of decoratedTl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticles with2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium for different metalions at concentration of 100 mg/L.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the following description, it is understood that other embodimentsmay be utilized and structural and operational changes may be madewithout departure from the scope of the present embodiments disclosedherein.

Definitions

As used herein, “wastewater” means a water source obtained from stormdrains, sedimentation ponds, runoff/outflow, landfills, as well as watersources resulting/obtained from industrial processes such as factories,mills, farms, mines, quarries, industrial drilling operations, oil andgas recovery operations, pharmaceutical processes, papermakingprocesses, food preparation processes, phase separation processes,washing processes, waste treatment plants, toilet processes, powerstations, incinerators, spraying and painting, navigation processes,aviation processes, automotive plants, fuel cell manufacturingoperations, or any other manufacturing or commercial enterprise, whichcomprises water and one or more compounds or materials derived from suchindustrial processes, including partially treated water from thesesources.

As used herein, the term “fatty” describes a compound with a long-chain(linear) hydrophobic portion made up of hydrogen and anywhere from 6 to26, 8 to 24, 10 to 22, 12 to 20, 14 to 18 carbon atoms, which may befully saturated or partially unsaturated, and optionally attached to apolar functional group such as a hydroxyl group, an amine group, or acarboxyl group (e.g., carboxylic acid). Fatty alcohols, fatty amines,fatty acids, fatty esters, and fatty amides are examples of materialswhich contain a fatty portion, and are thus considered “fatty” compoundsherein.

As used herein, “alkoxylated” or “alkoxylate” refers to compoundscontaining a (poly)ether group (i.e., (poly)oxyalkylene group) derivedfrom reaction with, oligomerization of, or polymerization of one or morealkylene oxides having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and specifically includes(poly)oxyethylene (derived from ethylene oxide, EO), (poly)oxypropylene(derived from propylene oxide, PO), and (poly)oxy butylene (derived frombutylene oxide, BO), as well as mixtures thereof.

The phrase “substantially free”, unless otherwise specified, describes aparticular component being present in an amount of less than about 1 wt.%, preferably less than about 0.5 wt. %, more preferably less than about0.1 wt. %, even more preferably less than about 0.05 wt. %, yet evenmore preferably 0 wt. %, relative to a total weight of the compositionbeing discussed.

As used herein, the terms “optional” or “optionally” means that thesubsequently described event(s) can or cannot occur or the subsequentlydescribed component(s) may or may not be present (e.g., 0 wt. %).

The term “alkyl”, as used herein, unless otherwise specified, refers toa straight, branched, or cyclic, aliphatic fragment having 1 to 26carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 24, preferably 3 to 22, preferably 4 to20, preferably 5 to 18, preferably 6 to 16, preferably 7 to 14,preferably 8 to 12, preferably 9 to 10. Non-limiting examples include,but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl,isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, isohexyl,3-methylpentyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, lauryl, myristyl,cetyl, stearyl, and the like, including guerbet-type alkyl groups (e.g.,2-methylpentyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 2-proylheptyl, 2-butyloctyl,2-pentylnonyl, 2-hexyldecyl, 2-heptylundecyl, 2-octyldodecyl,2-nonyltridecyl, 2-decyltetradecyl, and 2-undecylpentadecyl), andcycloalkyl groups such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,cyclohexyl, norbornyl, and adamantyl. The term “lower alkyl” is usedherein to describe alkyl groups having 1 to 5 carbon atoms (e.g.,methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, etc.).

As used herein, unless otherwise specified, the term “aryl” refers to anaromatic group containing only carbon in the aromatic ring(s), such asphenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, and the like. The term“heteroarene” refers to an arene compound or aryl group where at leastone carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom (e.g., nitrogen, oxygen,sulfur) and includes, but is not limited to, pyridine, pyrimidine,quinoline, isoquinoline, pyrazine, pyridazine, indole, pyrrole, oxazole,furan, benzofuran, thiophene, benzothiophene, isoxazole, pyrazole,triazole, tetrazole, indazole, purine, carbazole, imidazole, andbenzimidazole.

The term “arylalkyl” refers to a straight or branched chain alkyl moietyhaving 1 to 26 carbon atoms that is substituted by an aryl group asdefined above, and includes, but is not limited to, benzyl, 2-phenethyl,and 2-phenylpropyl.

As used herein, “optionally substituted” means that at least onehydrogen atom is replaced with a non-hydrogen group, provided thatnormal valencies are maintained and that the substitution results in astable compound. Such optional substituents may be selected from aryl,alkoxy, aryloxy, arylalkyloxy, carboxy, hydroxy, halo (e.g. chlorine,bromine, fluorine or iodine), amino (e.g. alkylamino, arylamino,arylalkylamino, alkanoylamino, either mono- or disubstituted), oxo, andthe like.

As used herein, the term “chalcogenide” refers to a chemical compoundcontaining at least one electropositive element and at least onechalcogen anion selected from the group consisting of a sulfide, aselenide, a telluride, and a polonide. Thus, chalcogenides differ fromoxides in the present disclosure.

Fluorescent Nanocomposite

The present disclosure provides a fluorescent nanocomposite(chemosensor) for the sensitive and selective detection of antimony ions(e.g., Sb⁵⁺) in a fluid sample, including those fluid samples whichcontain a host of different cations. The fluorescent nanocompositedisclosed herein is easy to manufacture, including on-scale manufacture,and is remarkably photostable under a wide range of pH, temperature, andstorage time conditions. It has been found that the fluorescentnanocomposite of the present disclosure, upon interaction/adsorptionwith antimony ions, produces a fluorescence emission peak of reducedintensity, but remains unchanged when in the presence of other commoncations. This characteristic allows for extremely easy detection and/orquantification of antimony ions.

The present disclosure thus provides a fluorescent nanocompositecomprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a thallium dopedgadolinium chalcogenide and a benzothiazolium salt bound to a surface ofthe thallium doped gadolinium chalcogenide.

Thallium Doped Gadolinium Chalcogenide

The fluorescent nanocomposite of the present disclosure contains a metalchalcogenide, preferably a transition metal chalcogenide (includinginner transition metal chalcogenide) or a post-transition metalchalcogenide. In preferred embodiments, the fluorescent nanocomposite ofthe present disclosure contains a doped transition metal chalcogenide,preferably a transition metal chalcogenide that is doped with apost-transition metal. In some embodiments, the metal chalcogenide is ametal monochalcogenide.

In preferred embodiments, the chalcogenide is a thallium dopedgadolinium chalcogenide having formula Tl_(x)Gd_(1-x)Y. Here, thesub-numerals of thallium (Tl) and gadolinium (Gd) correspond to a molarfraction of Tl and Gd elements present in the crystal structure of thechalcogenide, where the total number of moles of Tl and Gd is equal tothe number of moles of the chalcogen anion (i.e., when the number ofmoles of chalcogen anion is 1, then the total number of moles of Tl+Gdis equal to 1). Preferably, the gadolinium metal is the predominantmetal. While various thallium doped gadolinium chalcogenides may beprovided herein, it is preferred that x is from 0.001 to 0.3, preferably0.005 to 0.2, preferably 0.01 to 0.1, preferably 0.02 to 0.08,preferably 0.03 to 0.07, preferably 0.04 to 0.06, preferably 0.05 (whenx=0.05, this corresponds to 5 mol % thallium and 95 mol % gadolinium).

Also in the above formula, Y represents the chalcogen anion. Y may be S,Se, or Te, preferably S or Se, preferably S. When Y is S, the thalliumdoped gadolinium chalcogenide may be referred to as thallium dopedgadolinium sulfide. Similar to gadolinium sulfide (GdS), the thalliumdoped gadolinium sulfide of the present disclosure preferably has acubic crystal lattice/structure, as determined by X-ray diffraction(XRD).

In preferred embodiments, the thallium doped gadolinium chalcogenide isTl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S.

The thallium doped gadolinium chalcogenide may be present in the form ofnanoparticles of various morphologies, for example three dimensionalnanoparticles (which have all three dimensions of less than 100 nm) suchas nanospheres, nanogranules and nanobeads, two-dimensionalnanoparticles (which have two dimensions of less than 100 nm) such asnanosheets, nanoplatelets, nanolaminas and nanoshells, andone-dimensional nanoparticles (which have one dimension of less than 100nm) such as nanorods, nanotubes, nanofibers and nanowhiskers.Preferably, the thallium doped gadolinium chalcogenide is in the form ofspherical nanoparticles.

In some embodiments, the thallium doped gadolinium chalcogenide is inthe form of quantum dots. Quantum dots are semiconductor particlestypically a few nanometers in size, having optical and electronicproperties that differ from larger particles. That is, when quantum dotsare illuminated, some of the electrons receive enough energy to breakfree from the atoms and allows them to move around the nanoparticle,creating a conductance band in which electrons are free to move througha material and conduct electricity. When these electrons drop back intothe outer orbit around the atom (the valence band) they emit light. Thecolor of that light depends on the energy difference between theconductance band and the valence band.

In some embodiments, the fluorescent nanocomposite is formed fromcore-shell quantum dots or alloyed quantum dots made of the thalliumdoped gadolinium chalogenide described herein plus another chalcogenidematerial or quantum dot material including, but not limited to, CdTe,PbS, CdSe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdSeS, ZnS/ZnSe, PbSe, CdS, InAs, CdS/ZnS,CdSe/ZnS, CdSe/CdS, InAs/CdSe, BN, BP, BAs, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, GaN,GaP, GaSb, InN, InP, InAs, InSb, ZnO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgTe, MgSe, C,Si, Ge, BeTe, AlGaAs, GaInP, GaInAs, AlGaInP, AlGaAsSb, InAsSbP, InGaN,ZnSSe, ZnCdSe, and PbSnSeTe, just to name a few. The thallium dopedgadolinium chalogenide may form the core or the shell of such core-shellquantum dots.

In preferred embodiments, the fluorescent nanocomposite is formed fromcore-type quantum dots of thallium doped gadolinium chalcogenide, i.e.,the quantum dots are single component materials with a uniformcomposition of the thallium doped gadolinium chalcogenide (e.g.,Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S). In these embodiments, the thallium dopedgadolinium chalcogenide is the only metal chalcogenide present in thefluorescent nanocomposite. In some embodiments, the fluorescentnanocomposite is substantially free of doped gadolinium chalcogenidesother than the thallium doped gadolinium chalcogenide described herein,for example, the fluorescent nanocomposite may be devoid of GdS or Gd₂S₃which are doped with Eu, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu,Sc, Y, among others. In preferred embodiments, the fluorescentnanocomposite contains no europium (Eu) (in metal or cation form).

In some embodiments, the fluorescent nanocomposite may optionallycontain, but is preferably substantially free of, dichalcogenides, suchas TlGdY₂ (where Y is S, Se, or Te).

In preferred embodiments, other than the thallium doped gadoliniumchalcogenide described herein, the fluorescent nanocomposite of thepresent disclosure is substantially free of other quantum dots such asone or more of CdTe, PbS, CdSe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdSeS, ZnS/ZnSe, PbSe,CdS, CdS/ZnS, CdSe/ZnS, CdSe/CdS, InAs/CdSe, BN, BP, BAs, AlN, AlP,AlAs, AlSb, GaN, GaP, GaSb, InN, InP, InAs, InSb, ZnO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe,MgTe, MgSe, C, Si, Ge, BeTe, AlGaAs, GaInP, GaInAs, AlGaInP, AlGaAsSb,InAsSbP, InGaN, ZnSSe, ZnCdSe, and PbSnSeTe, for example those disclosedin US2013/0226268A1, JP2001305030A, and JP2003241101A, each incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

The average particle size (diameter) of the thallium doped gadoliniumchalcogenide quantum dots may vary, but typical values may range from 3to 7 nm, preferably 3.5 to 6.5 nm, preferably 4 to 6 nm, preferably 4.5to 5.5 nm, preferably 5 nm.

In some embodiments, the thallium doped gadolinium chalcogenide ispresent in the fluorescent nanocomposite in an amount of 14 to 35 wt. %,preferably 15 to 34 wt. %, preferably 17 to 32 wt. %, preferably 19 to30 wt. %, preferably 21 to 28 wt. %, preferably 23 to 26 wt. %,preferably 25 wt. %, based on a total weight of the fluorescentnanocomposite.

The thallium doped gadolinium chalcogenide may be prepared using anyprocedure used for forming doped metal chalcogenides known to those ofordinary skill in the art. In one example, a polyol approach isutilized. Here, a gadolinium(III) salt and thallium(I) salt aredissolved in a polyol solvent in an appropriate ratio to provide thedesired ratio of gadolinium to thallium in the final thallium dopedgadolinium chalcogenide product. Typically, a weight ratio of thegadolinium(III) salt to the thallium(I) salt ranges from 20:1 to 70:1,preferably 30:1 to 68:1, preferably 40:1 to 64:1, preferably 50:1 to62:1, preferably 55:1 to 60:1. A variety of gadolinium(III) salts may beused, with specific mention being made totris(cyclopentadienyl)gadolinium,tris(N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amide)gadolinium(III),tris(tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)gadolinium(III), gadolinium(III)tris(isopropoxide), gadolinium(III) acetate, galdolinium(III)acetylacetonate, gadolinium(III) chloride, gadolinium(III) nitrate, andthe like. Preferably tris(cyclopentadienyl)gadolinium is used as thegadolinium(III) salt. A variety thallium(I) salts may be used herein,with specific mention being made to thallium heptafluorobutyrate,thallium cyclohexanebutyrate, thallium pentafluoropropionate, thalliumlactate, thallium p-toluenesulfonate, thallium tetrafluoroborate, andthe like. Preferably, thallium pentafluoropropionate is used as thethallium(I) salt. The polyol solvent used in the polyol approach mayinclude, but is not limited to, ethylene glycol (1,2-ethanediol),diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, propyleneglycol, dipropylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol,1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, glycerol, and pentaerythritol,preferably ethylene glycol is utilized.

The resulting mixture may be optionally heated, for example to atemperature of 40 to 100° C., preferably 50 to 98° C., preferably 60 to96° C., preferably 70 to 94° C., preferably 80 to 92° C., preferably 90°C., and placed under an inert atmosphere such as argon or nitrogen,preferably nitrogen. Then, to this mixture, a sulfur source such aselemental sulfur, an aryl trifluoromethyl sulfide (e.g.,phenyl(trifluoromethyl)sulfide), a N,N-disubstituted thiourea (e.g.,(Z)-1-(octadec-9-enyl)-3-phenylthiourea), etc. may be added to provide aconcentration of the sulfur source in the mixture of about 0.8 to 2 mM,preferably 0.9 to 1.9 mM, preferably 1 to 1.8 mM, preferably 1.1 to 1.7mM, preferably 1.2 to 1.6 mM, preferably 1.3 to 1.5 mM. Then afteraddition of the sulfur source, the temperature of the entire mixture maybe raised to 100 to 180° C., preferably 120 to 160° C., preferably 140to 150° C., or at the reflux temperature of the polyol solvent, and keptat said elevated temperature with optional stirring/mixing/agitation for15 to 120 minutes, preferably 30 to 100 minutes, preferably 45 to 90minutes, preferably 60 to 75 minutes to provide a suspension. Theresulting solids in the suspension may then be collected, for examplevia centrifugation at 10,000 to 20,000 rpm, preferably 12,000 to 18,000rpm, preferably 14,000 to 16,000 rpm, and subsequently dried for exampleat 40 to 90° C., preferably 50 to 80° C., preferably 60 to 70° C., toafford the thallium doped gadolinium chalcogenide in the form of quantumdots.

Benzothiazolium Salt

The fluorescent nanocomposite of the present disclosure also includes abenzothiazolium salt bound to a surface of the thallium doped gadoliniumchalcogenide. The benzothiazolium salt may be a 2-styryl-benzothiazoliumsalt, preferably a disubstituted 4-aminostyryl-benzothiazolium salt. Inpreferred embodiments, the benzothiazolium salt is of formula I

wherein:

R¹ is a C₁-C₄ alkyl or an arylalkyl,

R² and R³ are independently an optionally substituted alkyl group, orwherein R² and

R³ together form a five or six membered ring with the nitrogen to whichthey are attached,

R⁴ and R⁵ are independently a hydrogen or an alkyl group, and

A is Br, I, or ClO₄.

In some embodiments, R¹ is a C₁-C₄ alkyl, preferably a C₁-C₃ alkyl,preferably C₁-C₂ alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl. PreferablyR¹ is methyl or ethyl, preferably ethyl. Alternatively, R¹ may be anarylalkyl such as benzyl, 2-phenethyl, 2-phenylpropyl, 3-phenylpropyl,and the like, preferably benzyl.

R² and R³ are independently an optionally substituted alkyl group,preferably an optionally substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, preferably anoptionally substituted C₁-C₃ alkyl, preferably an optionally substitutedC₁-C₂ alkyl, for example, a methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl,trifluoromethyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-alkoxyethyl (e.g., 2-methoxyethyl),2-hydroxyethyl, and the like. In some embodiments, R² and R³ are thesame optionally substituted alkyl group (e.g., R² and R³ are bothmethyl). In some embodiments, R² and R³ are different (e.g., R² is anethyl group and R³ is a 2-cyanoethyl group). In preferred embodiments,R² and R³ are both methyl. Alternatively, R² and R³ may together form afive or six membered ring with the nitrogen to which they are attached,i.e., R² and R³ may be linked together thereby forming a 5- or a6-membered heterocyclic ring including, but not limited to, amorpholinyl, a piperazinyl (e.g., N-methylpiperazinyl), a piperidinyl,and a pyrolidinyl, as shown below:

R⁴ and R⁵ may be independently a hydrogen or an alkyl group, preferablya C₁-C₄ alkyl, preferably a C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₂ alkyl, preferably a C₁alkyl, for example, hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, preferablyhydrogen and methyl. In some embodiments, R⁴ and R⁵ are the same. Insome embodiments, R⁴ and R⁵ are different. In some embodiments, one ofR⁴ and R⁵ is an alkyl group (e.g., methyl) while the other is hydrogen.In preferred embodiments, both R⁴ and R⁵ are hydrogen.

A may be Br, I, or ClO₄, preferably A is Br or I, preferably Br.

In preferred embodiments, the benzothiazolium salt of formula I is

(2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium bromide).

The benzothiazolium salt of formula I may be commercially available orotherwise readily accessible by methods known to those of ordinary skillin the art, see for example, Vasilev, A. et al. “Novel environmentallybenign procedures for the synthesis of styryl dyes” Dyes and Pigments,2008, 77, 550-555, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Forexample, the benzothiazolium salt of formula I may be obtained through acondensation reaction between a 2-methylbenzothiazolium salt of formulaII and a 4-aminobenzaldehyde of formula III,

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, and A are as defined previously. Thecondensation reaction may be performed using any procedures known tothose of ordinary skill in the art, including, but not limited to, hightemperature/organic solvent conditions and microwave conditions,preferably microwave under solvent-free conditions and using a knownolefination catalyst such as sodium hydroxide, ammonium bicarbonate,sodium bicarbonate, sodium phosphate monobasic, para-toluene sulfonicacid, ammonium acetate, triphenylphosphine, potassium carbonate, and thelike.

The 2-methylbenzothiazolium salt of formula II may be obtained viacommercial sources or through known a quaternization reaction with anoptionally substituted 2-methylbenzothiazole with an electrophilecontaining the R¹ group. Likewise, the 4-aminobenzaldehyde of formulaIII may be obtained from commercial sources, or may be synthesized, forexample, using a Vilsmeier-Haack reaction of a suitably substitutedaniline (Ph-NR²R³).

After the benzothiazolium salt of formula I has been provided, it may beused for decorating the surface of the thallium doped gadoliniumchalcogenide to form the fluorescent nanocomposite. Surface decorationmay be performed by dissolving the benzothiazolium salt of formula I inan appropriate solvent such as a monoalcohol solvent (e.g., methanol,ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, etc.) with optional heating(e.g., 30 to 60° C., preferably 35 to 50° C., preferably 40 to 45° C.)until the benzothiazolium salt of formula I is fully dissolved and aclear solution is formed. Next, the as-prepared thallium dopedgadolinium chalcogenide may be dispersed into the clear solution, andthe resulting mixture may be optionally heated at 35 to 65° C.,preferably 40 to 60° C., preferably 45 to 55° C. for 10 to 60 minutes,preferably to 50 minutes, preferably 30 to 40 minutes. After sufficientreaction has taken place, the solids may then be collected, for exampleby filtration or centrifugation, for example centrifugation at 5,000 to15,000 rpm, preferably 8,000 to 12,000 rpm, preferably 10,000 rpm, andsubsequently dried under vacuum to afford the fluorescent nanocompositeof the present disclosure. Without being bound by theory, it is believedthat the benzothiazolium salt is bound to the thallium doped gadoliniumchalcogenide via the sulfur atom of the benzothiazole ring. Evidence forsuch bonding/coordination can be found in the Fourier-transform infraredspectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum of the fluorescent nanocomposite, wherebyboth C—S—Gd and C—S—Tl bending vibrations are indicated.

The fluorescent nanocomposite may contain various weight ratios of thebenzothiazolium salt of formula I to the thallium doped gadoliniumchalcogenide, however, preferred weight ratios of the benzothiazoliumsalt of formula I to the thallium doped gadolinium chalcogenide rangefrom 1.95:1 to 6.0:1, preferably 2:1 to 5.8:1, preferably 2.2:1 to5.4:1, preferably 2.4:1 to 5:1, preferably 2.6:1 to 4.5:1, preferably2.8:1 to 4:1, preferably 3:1 to 3.5:1.

In some embodiments, the benzothiazolium salt of formula I is present inan amount of 65 to 86 wt. %, preferably 66 to 85 wt. %, preferably 68 to83 wt. %, preferably 70 to 81 wt. %, preferably 72 to 79 wt. %,preferably 74 to 77 wt. %, preferably 75 wt. %, based on a total weightof the fluorescent nanocomposite.

In preferred embodiments, the fluorescent nanocomposite consists of thethallium doped gadolinium chalcogenide and the benzothiazolium salt offormula I. In some embodiments, other quaternary ammonium compounds maybe present in the fluorescent nanocomposite, however, preferably, otherthan the benzothiazolium salt described herein, no other quaternaryammonium compound made from alkylation of an aprotic nitrogenousheteroarene with suitable alkylating agents (e.g., dimethyl sulfate,methyl chloride or bromide, benzyl chloride or bromide) is present inthe fluorescent nanocomposite.

In some embodiments, organic functional materials (small moleculeorganic functional materials) may be included in the fluorescentnanocomposite, however, other than the benzothiazolium salt of formulaI, the fluorescent nanocomposite is preferably substantially free oforganic functional materials (small molecule organic functionalmaterials) such as those described in US2013/0226268A1 and US2008/0102311 A1, each incorporated herein by reference in its entirety,with specific mention to host materials, fluorescent emitters (otherthan the benzothiazolium salt of formula I), phosphorescent emitters,electron transport materials (ETMs), electron injection materials(EIMs), hole injection materials (HIMs), and hole transport materials(HTMs).

In some embodiments, the fluorescent nanocomposite may optionallycontain, but is preferably substantially free of polymeric andoligomeric materials, such as epoxy polymers and epoxy oligomers as wellas acrylic polymers and oligomers.

In some embodiments, the fluorescent nanocomposite may optionallycontain, but is preferably substantially free of clay materials/mineralssuch as montmorillonite clays (e.g., CLOISITE clays from BYK), includingmodified clay materials, such as those clays modified with organicmaterials (e.g., quaternary ammonium compounds).

The fluorescent nanocomposite thus obtained may have a fluorescenceemissions peak at 605 to 620 nm, preferably 607 to 618 nm, preferably609 to 616 nm, preferably 610 to 614 nm, preferably 612 to 613 nm whenexcited at an excitation wavelength of 450 nm.

It has been found that the resulting fluorescent nanocomposite isextremely sensitive for the detection of antimony ions in variousfluids, and is advantageously selective towards antimony ions even whenother metal cations are present in abundance. Without being bound bytheory, it is believed that selective or preferential binding toantimony ions is responsible for such selective detection. That is, thefluorescent nanocomposite produces a strong fluorescence emission in theabsence of antimony (and optionally in the presence of various othernon-antimony cations such as potassium, magnesium, iron, arsenic,cobalt, cadmium, mercury, aluminum, and chromium), but upon binding toantimony to form a loaded nanocomposite, the fluorescence emissionintensity of the loaded nanocomposite is quenched as a function of theantimony ion concentration. Therefore, the presence/absence of antimony,as well as the concentration of antimony in the fluid sample, can bedetermined based on the reduction/degree of reduction of the intensityof the fluorescence emissions peak.

A Method of Detecting Antimony Ions

The present disclosure also provides a method of detecting antimony ionsin a fluid sample that involves contacting the fluid sample with thefluorescent nanocomposite to form a mixture, and measuring afluorescence emission profile of the mixture to determine whetherantimony is present in the fluid sample and/or to quantify the amount ofantimony present in the fluid sample, based on the intensity of thefluorescence emissions peak at 605 to 620 nm as discussed above.

Fluid Sample

The fluid sample that may be analyzed by the methods of the presentdisclosure is not particularly limited, and may be aqueous, anoil-in-water mixture, or a mixed aqueous and organic solvent mixture.The fluid sample may be obtained from any source that may contain or issuspected of containing antimony ions. In some embodiments, the fluidsample is obtained from a natural water source (lakes, rivers, oceans,aquifers, etc.). In some embodiments, the fluid sample is a wastewater,particularly an industrial wastewater, for example, wastewater producedduring automotive manufacturing processes, semiconductor manufacturingprocesses (e.g., those processes for producing infrared detectors,diodes, etc.), cable sheathing manufacturing operations, batterymanufacturing operations, ceramic enamel, paint, and flame-proofingmanufacturing processes, and alloying industries, etc.

In some embodiments, the fluid sample is aqueous, and is substantiallyfree of both oil and organic solvent. The aqueous fluid may be freshwater (e.g., water obtained from streams, rivers, lakes, ground water,aquifers, purified water, tap water, well water, wastewater having lowsalinity such as wastewater deposited into fresh water sources, etc.) orsalt water (e.g., seawater, coastal aquifers, or wastewater having highsalinity).

In some embodiments, the fluid sample is an oil-in-water mixture, andmay contain up to 10%, preferably up to 8%, preferably up to 6%,preferably up to 4%, preferably up to 2%, preferably up to 1% by volumeof an oil, based on a total volume of the fluid sample. The oil mayinclude a natural oil, a synthetic oil, or both. Examples of oils fromnatural sources include, but are not limited to, kerosene, diesel oils,crude oils, gas oils, fuel oils, paraffin oils, mineral oils, lowtoxicity mineral oils, other petroleum distillates, and any combinationthereof. Examples of synthetic oils include, but are not limited to,polyolefins, polydiorganosiloxanes, siloxanes, organosiloxanes, as wellas mixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, the fluid sample is a mixed aqueous and organicsolvent mixture. The organic solvent that may be optionally present inthe fluid sample is not particularly limited, and may include organicsolvent(s) employed during various industrial processes that produce awastewater that may contain or is suspected of containing antimony ions,for example, the manufacturing operations described above. The organicsolvent may be miscible or immiscible with water. Exemplary organicsolvents that may be present in the fluid sample include, but is notlimited to, aromatic solvents (e.g., benzene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene,m-xylene, p-xylene, and mixtures of xylenes, toluene, mesitylene,anisole, 1,2-dimethoxybenzene, α,α,α,-trifluoromethylbenzene,fluorobenzene, heavy aromatic naptha), alkane solvents (e.g., pentane,cyclopentane, hexanes, cyclohexane, heptanes, cycloheptane, octanes),ethers (e.g. diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane,tetrahydropyran, t-butyl methyl ether, cyclopentyl methyl ether,di-isopropyl ether), glycol ethers (e.g. 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diglyme,triglyme), chlorinated solvents (e.g. chlorobenzene, dichloromethane,1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethane, chloroform, carbontetrachloride), ester solvents (e.g. ethyl acetate, propyl acetate),ketones (e.g. acetone, butanone), formamides/acetamides (e.g.,formamide, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl acetamide), monoalcohols (e.g.,methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol,n-pentanol, n-hexanol, terpineol, menthol, prenol,3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 2-ethyl-1-butanol,2-propylheptan-1-ol, 2-butyl-1-octanol, benzyl alcohol), polyalcoholsincluding glycols (e.g., ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethyleneglycol, tetraethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol,1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol,glycerol, pentaerythritol, manitol, sorbitol), as well as mixturesthereof. The fluid sample may contain up to 30%, preferably up to 25%,preferably up to 20%, preferably up to 15%, preferably up to 10%,preferably up to 5%, preferably up to 2%, preferably up to 1% by volumeof an organic solvent(s) based on a total volume of the fluid sample.Typically, when an organic solvent is present in the fluid sample, aratio of water to the organic solvent ranges from 5:1 to 100:1,preferably 6:1 to 75:1, preferably 7:1 to 50:1, preferably 8:1 to 25:1,preferably 9:1 to 15:1.

In addition to optionally containing an oil(s) and/or an organicsolvent(s) as described above, the fluid sample may optionally containsuspended solids. In some embodiments, the fluid sample contains greaterthan 55% v/v of water, preferably greater than 60% v/v of water,preferably greater than 65% v/v of water, preferably greater than 70%v/v of water, preferably greater than 75% v/v of water, preferablygreater than 80% v/v of water, preferably greater than 85% v/v of water,preferably greater than 90% v/v of water, preferably greater than 95%v/v of water, preferably greater than 99% v/v of water, based on a totalvolume of the fluid sample.

The fluid sample may contain antimony ions (e.g., Sb³⁺ and/or Sb⁵⁺).When present, the antimony ions may be present in the fluid sample at aconcentration of 0.00001 to 3,000 mg/L, preferably 0.0001 to 2,500 mg/L,preferably 0.001 to 2,000 mg/L, preferably 0.01 to 1,500 mg/L,preferably 0.05 to 1,000 mg/L, preferably 0.1 to 900 mg/L, preferably0.5 to 800 mg/L, preferably 1 to 700 mg/L, preferably 5 to 600 mg/L,preferably 10 to 500 mg/L, preferably 20 to 400 mg/L, preferably 40 to300 mg/L, preferably 60 to 250 mg/L, preferably 80 to 200 mg/L,preferably 100 to 150 mg/L. Examples of antimony species that may bepresent in the fluid sample, which are in the form of antimony ions orare capable of forming antimony ions in situ include, but are notlimited to, antimony(III) acetate, antimony(III) chloride, antimony(V)chloride, antimony(III) fluoride, antimony(V) fluoride, antimony(III)iodide, antimony(III) sulfate, fluoroantimonic acid, nitroniumhexafluoroantimonate, nitrosonium hexafluoroantimonate, and potassiumantimony(III) tartrate, just to name a few.

The fluid sample may also optionally include one or more (non-antimony)cations, including heavy and transitional metal cations as well asalkali and alkaline earth metal cations, such as cations of sodium,potassium, calcium, magnesium, barium, strontium, rubidium, cesium, iron(ferrous and ferric), arsenic, cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel, zinc,cadmium, mercury, silver, aluminum, gallium, chromium, and lead,including mixtures thereof. Representative examples of anions which mayalso be present in the fluid sample include, but are not limited to,chloride, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, bromide, iodide, acetate,hydroxide, sulfide, hydrosulfide, chlorate, fluoride, hypochlorite,nitrate, nitrite, perchlorate, peroxide, phosphate, phosphite, sulfite,hydrogen phosphate, hydrogen sulfate, as well as mixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, sodium ions may be present in the fluid sample inamounts of at least 50 ppm, and up to 50,000 ppm, preferably up to40,000 ppm, preferably up to 30,000 ppm, preferably up to 20,000 ppm,preferably up to 10,000 ppm, preferably up to 5,000 ppm, preferably upto 1,000 ppm, preferably up to 500 ppm, preferably up to 200 ppm.

In some embodiments, potassium ions may be present in the fluid samplein amounts of at least 5 ppm, and up to 20,000 ppm, preferably up to15,000 ppm, preferably up to 10,000 ppm, preferably up to 5,000 ppm,preferably up to 1,000 ppm, preferably up to 500 ppm, preferably up to100 ppm.

The fluid sample may also generally contain up to 50,000 ppm ofmultivalent (non-antimony) cations (e.g., magnesium ions, calcium ions,iron ions, strontium ions, barium ions, lead ions, copper ions, cobaltions, cadmium ions, mercury ions, manganese ions, nickel ions, zincions, arsenic ions, chromium ions, and/or aluminum ions, etc.), forexample at least 50 ppm, preferably at least 75 ppm, preferably at least100 ppm, preferably at least 150 ppm, preferably at least 200 ppm,preferably at least 500 ppm, preferably at least 1,000 ppm, preferablyat least 2,000 ppm, preferably at least 5,000 ppm, and up to 50,000 ppm,preferably up to 40,000 ppm, preferably up to 30,000 ppm, preferably upto 20,000 ppm, preferably up to 10,000 ppm, preferably up to 7,000 ppm,preferably up to 6,000 ppm total of multivalent cations. For example,barium and/or strontium ions may be present in the fluid sample inamounts of at least 100 ppm, preferably at least 200 ppm, preferably atleast 400 ppm, preferably at least 600 ppm, preferably at least 800 ppm,preferably at least 1,000 ppm, preferably at least 1,200 ppm, preferablyat least 1,400 ppm, preferably at least 1,600 ppm, preferably at least1,800 ppm, preferably at least 2,000 ppm, preferably at least 2,500 ppm,preferably at least 3,000 ppm, preferably at least 4,000 ppm, and up to10,000 ppm, preferably up to 9,000 ppm, preferably up to 8,000 ppm,preferably up to 7,000 ppm, preferably up to 6,000 ppm, preferably up to5,000 ppm, preferably up to 4,800 ppm, preferably up to 4,600 ppm.Magnesium ions, for example in amounts up to 2,500 ppm, preferably up to2,000 ppm, preferably up to 1,500 ppm, preferably up to 1,000 ppm,preferably up to 500 ppm, preferably up to 100 ppm, and/or calcium ions,for example in amounts up to 15,000 ppm, preferably up to 12,000 ppm,preferably up to 10,000 ppm, preferably up to 8,000 ppm, preferably upto 6,000 ppm, preferably up to 4,000 ppm, preferably up to 2,000 ppm,preferably up to 1,000 ppm, preferably up to 500 ppm, may also bepresent in the fluid sample.

In some embodiments, the fluid sample has a total dissolved solids (TDS)content of up to 200,000 mg/L, for example 100 to 200,000 mg/L,preferably 500 to 180,000 mg/L, preferably 1,000 to 150,000 mg/L,preferably 1,500 to 100,000 mg/L, preferably 2,000 to 80,000 mg/L,preferably 3,000 to 60,000 mg/L, preferably 4,000 to 40,000 mg/L,preferably 5,000 to 20,000 mg/L, preferably 6,000 to 10,000 mg/L.

The fluid sample (and thus the mixture) may contain a surfactant.Alternatively, prior to the contacting, a surfactant may be added to thefluid sample, for example, when the fluid sample to be tested is anoil-in-water mixture (e.g., a wastewater) to better disperse/distributethe fluorescent nanocomposite throughout the fluid sample. Thesurfactant may be a cationic, anionic, non-ionic, and/or amphotericsurfactant, and may be present in the fluid sample in an amount of up to5 wt. %, preferably up to 4 wt. %, preferably up to 3 wt. %, preferablyup to 2 wt. %, preferably up to 1 wt. %, preferably up to 0.5 wt. %,preferably up to 0.1 wt. %, based on a total weight of the fluid sample.

Cationic surfactants may include, but are not limited to

-   -   a protonated amine formed from a reaction between a C₆-C₂₆ alkyl        amine compound and an acid (e.g., acetic acid, formic acid,        propionic acid, butyric acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid,        oxalic acid, malonic acid, lactic acid, glyceric acid, glycolic        acid, malic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, p-toluenesulfonic        acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric        acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrobromic acid,        perchloric acid, hydroiodic acid, etc.), such as protonated        salts of C₆-C₂₆ alkyl monoamines, C₆-C₂₆ alkyl (poly)alkylene        polyamines, and alkoxylated fatty amines;    -   a protonated C₆-C₂₆ alkyl amidoamine formed from a reaction        between a C₆-C₂₆ alkyl amidoamine compound and an acid (for        example the acids listed above), such as protonated forms of the        amide reaction product between any fatty acid previously listed        (or ester derivative thereof) with a polyamine (e.g.,        putrescine, cadaverine, ethylene diamine,        N¹,N¹-methylethane-1,2-diamine,        N¹,N¹-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine,        N¹,N¹-ethylethane-1,2-diamine, N¹,N¹-diethylpropane-1,3-diamine,        spermidine, 1,1,1-tris(aminomethyl)ethane,        tris(2-aminoethyl)amine, spermine, TEPA, BETA, TETA, AEEA, PEHA,        HEHA, dipropylene triamine, tripropylene tetramine,        tetrapropylene pentamine, pentapropylene hexamine, hexapropylene        heptamine, dibutylene triamine, tributylene tetramine,        tetrabutylene pentamine, pentabutylene hexamine, hexabutylene        heptamine), with specific mention being made to protonated forms        of stearamidopropyldimethylamine, stearamidopropyldiethylamine,        stearamidoethyldiethylamine, stearamidoethyldimethylamine,        palmitamidopropyldimethylamine, palmitamidopropyldiethylamine,        palmitamidoethyldiethylamine, palmitamidoethyldimethylamine,        behenamidopropyldimethylamine, behenamidopropyldiethylmine,        behenamidoethyldiethylamine, behenamidoethyldimethylamine,        arachidamidopropyldimethylamine, arachidamidopropyldiethylamine,        arachidamidoethyldiethylamine, and        arachidamidoethyldimethylamine; and a quaternary ammonium        compound made from alkylation with suitable alkylating agents        (e.g., dimethyl sulfate, methyl chloride or bromide, benzyl        chloride or bromide, C₆-C₂₆ alkyl chloride or bromide, etc.) of        a tertiary C₆-C₂₆ alkyl amine, an alkoxylated (tertiary) amine,        or an aprotic nitrogenous heteroarene (optionally substituted)        having at least one aromatic nitrogen atom with a reactive lone        pair of electrons, with specific mention being made to a        tri-fatty alkyl lower alkyl ammonium compound (e.g., trioctyl        methyl ammonium chloride), a C₁₀-C₁₈ alkyl trimethyl ammonium        chloride or methosulfate, a di-C₁₀-C₁₈ alkyl dimethyl ammonium        chloride or methesulfate, a C₁₀-C₁₈ alkyl benzyl dimethyl        ammonium chloride, a methyl quaternized C₆-C₂₂ alkyl propylene        diamine, a methyl quaternized C₆-C₂₂ alkyl propylene triamine, a        methyl quaternized C₆-C₂₂ alkyl propylene tetraamine, a        N—C₁₀-C₁₈ alkyl pyridinium or a quinolinium bromide or chloride        such as N-octyl pyridinium bromide, N-nonyl pyridinium bromide,        N-decyl pyridinium bromide, N-dodecyl pyridinium bromide,        N-tetradecyl pyridinium bromide, N-dodecyl pyridinium chloride,        N-cyclohexyl pyridinium bromide, naphthyl methyl quinolinium        chloride, naphthyl methyl pyridinium chloride, and        cetylpyridinium chloride (for example those disclosed in        CN101544903B—incorporated herein by reference in its entirety);    -   as well as mixtures thereof.

Anionic surfactants may include, but are not limited to:

-   -   sulfates, such as alkyl sulfates, alkyl-ester-sulfates, alkyl        ether sulfates, alkyl-alkoxy-ester-sulfate, sulfated        alkanolamides, glyceride sulfates, in particular, sulfates of        fatty alcohols or poly oxyalkylene ethers of fatty alcohols such        as sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium laureth sulfate, ammonium        lauryl sulfate, potassium lauryl sulfate, sodium myreth sulfate;    -   sulfonates such as alkyl sulfonates, fatty alkyl-benzene        sulfonates, lower alkyl-benzene sulfonates, alpha olefin        sulfonates, lignosulfonates, sulfo-carboxylic compounds, for        example, dodecyl benzene sulfonate, dioctyl sodium        sulfosuccinate, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS),        perfluorobutanesulfonate;    -   phosphates such as alkyl aryl ether phosphates, alkyl ether        phosphates, phosphates of fatty alcohols or polyoxyalkylene        ethers of fatty alcohols such as cetyl phosphate salts, dicetyl        phosphate salts, ceteth-10-phosphate salts;    -   carboxylate salts of fatty acids, acylamino acids, lactylates,        and/or fatty alcohols/polyoxyalkylene ethers of fatty alcohols        such as sodium stearate, vegetable oil-based anionic surfactants        (e.g., palm oil anionic surfactant), sodium behenoyl lactylate,        sodium isostearoyl lactylate, sodium caproyl lactydate, sodium        laureth-5 carboxylate, sodium laureth-6 carboxylate, sodium        laureth-11 carboxylate;    -   and mixtures thereof.

Non-ionic surfactants may include, but are not limited to:

-   -   amides or alkanolamides of fatty acids, that is, amide reaction        products between a fatty acid and an amine or alkanolamine        compound, such as coconut fatty acid monoethanolamide (e.g.,        N-methyl coco fatty ethanol amide), coconut fatty acid        diethanolamide, oleic acid diethanolamide, palm based        oleylamine, and vegetable oil fatty acid diethanolamide;    -   alkoxylated alkanolamides of fatty acids, preferably ethoxylated        and/or propoxylated variants of the alkanolamides of fatty acids        using for example anywhere from 2 to 30 EO and/or PO molar        equivalents, preferably 3 to 15 EO and/or PO molar equivalents,        preferably 4 to 10 EO and/or PO molar equivalents, preferably 5        to 8 EO and/or PO molar equivalents per moles of the        alkanolamide of the fatty acid (e.g., coconut fatty acid        monoethanolamide with 4 moles of ethylene oxide);    -   amine oxides, such as N-cocoamidopropyl dimethyl amine oxide and        dimethyl C₆-C₂₂ alkyl amine oxide (e.g., dimethyl coco amine        oxide);    -   fatty esters, such as ethoxylated and/or propoxylated fatty        acids (e.g., castor oil with 2 to 40 moles of ethylene oxide),        alkoxylated glycerides (e.g., PEG-24 glyceryl monostearate),        glycol esters and derivatives, monoglycerides, polyglyceryl        esters, esters of poly alcohols, and sorbitan/sorbitol esters;    -   ethers, such as (i) alkoxylated C₁-C₂₂ alkanols, which may        include alkoxylated C₁-C₅ alkanols, preferably ethoxylated or        propoxylated C₁-C₅ alkanols (e.g., dipropylene glycol n-butyl        ether, tripropylene glycol n-butyl ether, dipropylene glycol        methyl ether, tripropylene glycol methyl ether, diethylene        glycol n-butyl ether, triethylene glycol n-butyl ether,        diethylene glycol methyl ether, triethylene glycol methyl ether)        and alkoxylated C₆-C₂₆ alkanols (including alkoxylated fatty        alcohols), preferably alkoxylated C₇-C₂₂ alkanols, more        preferably alkoxylated C₈-C₁₄ alkanols, preferably ethoxylated        or propoxylated (e.g., cetyl stearyl alcohol with 2 to 40 moles        of ethylene oxide, lauric alcohol with 2 to 40 moles of ethylene        oxide, oleic alcohol with 2 to 40 moles of ethylene oxide,        ethoxylated lanoline derivatives, laureth-3, ceteareth-6,        ceteareth-11, ceteareth-15, ceteareth-16, ceteareth-17,        ceteareth-18, ceteareth-20, ceteareth-23, ceteareth-25,        ceteareth-27, ceteareth-28, ceteareth-30, isoceteth-20,        laureth-9/myreth-9, and PPG-3 caprylyl ether); (ii) alkoxylated        polysiloxanes; (iii) ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymers        (e.g., PPG-1-PEG-9-lauryl glycol ether, PPG-12-buteth-16,        PPG-3-buteth-5, PPG-5-buteth-7, PPG-7-buteth-10,        PPG-9-buteth-12, PPG-12-buteth-16, PPG-15-buteth-20,        PPG-20-buteth-30, PPG-28-buteth-35, and PPG-33-buteth-45);        and (iv) alkoxylated alkylphenols;    -   alkyl polyglycosides (APGs) such as those made from reaction        between fatty alcohols and glucose;    -   and mixtures thereof.

Amphoteric surfactants may include, but are not limited to: C₆-C₂₂ alkyldialkyl betaines, such as fatty dimethyl betaines(R—N(CH₃)₂(⁺)—CH₂COO⁻), obtained from a C₆-C₂₂ alkyl dimethyl aminewhich is reacted with a monohaloacetate salt (e.g., sodiummonochloroacetate), such as C₁₂-C₁₄ dimethyl betaine (carboxylate methylC₁₂-C₁₄ alkyl dimethylammonium);

-   -   C₆-C₂₂ alkyl amido betaines        (R—CO—NH—CH₂CH₂CH₂—N(CH₃)₂(⁺)—CH₂COO⁻ or        R—CO—NH—CH₂CH₂—N(CH₃)₂(⁺)—CH₂COO⁻), obtained by the reaction of        a monohaloacetate salt (e.g., sodium monochloroacetate) with the        reaction product of either dimethyl amino propylamine or        dimethyl amino ethylamine with a suitable carboxylic acid or        ester derivatives thereof, such as C₁₀-C₁₈ amidopropyl        dimethylamino betaine;    -   C₆-C₂₂ alkyl sultaines or C₆-C₂₂ alkyl amido sultaines, which        are similar to those C₆-C₂₂ alkyl dialkyl betaines or C₆-C₂₂        alkyl amido betaines described above except in which the        carboxylic group has been substituted by a sulfonic group        (R—N(CH₃)₂(⁺)—CH₂CH₂CH₂SO₃— or        R—CO—NH—CH₂CH₂CH₂—N(CH₃)₂(⁺)—CH₂CH₂CH₂SO₃— or        R—CO—NH—CH₂CH₂—N(CH₃)₂(⁺)—CH₂CH₂CH₂SO₃) or a hydroxysulfonic        group (R—N(CH₃)₂(⁺)—CH₂CH(OH)—CH₂SO₃ ⁻ or        R—CO—NH—CH₂CH₂CH₂—N(CH₃)₂(⁺)—CH₂CH(OH)—CH₂SO₃— or        R—CO—NH—CH₂CH₂—N(CH₃)₂(⁺)—CH₂CH(OH)—CH₂SO₃ ⁻), such as C₁₀-C₁₈        dimethyl hydroxysultaine and C₁₀-C₁₈ amido propyl dimethylamino        hydroxysultaine;    -   and mixtures thereof.

Contacting

The fluid sample may be contacted with the fluorescent nanocomposite toform the mixture using any method known to those of ordinary skill inthe art. For example, the fluid sample may be added to fluorescentnanocomposite or the fluorescent nanocomposite may be added to the fluidsample. The fluorescent nanocomposite may be in the form of a solid ormay be formed into a solution prior to the contacting. After combiningthe fluid sample with the fluorescent nanocomposite, the methods hereinmay involve manual stirring, mechanical stirring, shaking, blending,mixing, swirling, circulation techniques, sonication (e.g.,ultrasonication), or any other agitation technique to form a mixture,preferably a homogenous mixture.

Any amount of the fluorescent nanocomposite may be contacted with thefluid sample that provides a reproducible and accurate fluorescenceemissions readout. Typically, the fluorescent nanocomposite is employedin an amount of 0.1 to 50 mg, preferably 0.5 to 25 mg, preferably 1 to20 mg, preferably 2 to 15 mg, preferably 3 to 10 mg, preferably 4 to 9mg, preferably 5 to 8 mg, preferably 6 to 7 mg per 1 mL of the fluidsample. Preferably, the fluorescent nanocomposite is the onlyantimony-specific chemosensor present in the mixture. Preferably, thefluorescent nanocomposite is the only chemosensor present in themixture.

In some embodiments, the fluid sample is added to the fluorescentnanocomposite as a single portion, or vice versa. Alternatively, thefluid sample may be added dropwise or portion wise (e.g., titrated) intothe fluorescent nanocomposite with concomitant agitation, whereby thefluorescence emission profile of the mixture is optionally measuredsubsequent to each drop/portion of the fluid sample added. Such aprocedure may be employed, for example, when it is desired to determinea concentration of antimony ions in the fluid sample by generating atitration curve.

The methods herein enable ultra-fast detection of antimony ions in afluid sample, and extremely short contacting times may be used. In someembodiments, the fluorescent nanocomposite is contacted with the fluidsample for 1 second to 15 minutes, preferably 5 seconds to 10 minutes,preferably 10 seconds to 8 minutes, preferably 30 seconds to 5 minutes,preferably 1 minute to 2 minutes, prior to the measuring. Of course,longer or shorter contacting times may also be employed, as appropriate.

Mixture

One particular advantage of the fluorescent nanocomposite of the presentdisclosure is its photostability in a broad pH range. It has been foundthat the disclosed fluorescent nanocomposite maintains its fluorescenceemissions intensity, and thus can be employed for the detection ofantimony, in pH conditions ranging from 2 to 11, preferably 3 to 10,preferably 4 to 9, preferably 5 to 8, preferably 6 to 7. Therefore, theuse of buffers is not a requirement in the methods herein. However, insome embodiments, a buffer may be optionally added to the fluid sampleto ensure the resulting mixture has a suitable pH. The buffer may beoptionally added to the fluid sample to provide a concentration in themixture of 1 to 50 mM, preferably 2 to 45 mM, preferably 3 to 40 mM,preferably 4 to 35 mM, preferably 5 to 30 mM, preferably 6 to 25 mM,preferably 7 to 20 mM, preferably 8 to 15 mM, preferably 9 to 12 mM,preferably 10 to 11 mM, based on a total volume of the mixture.

The buffer may be a phosphate buffer, a borate buffer, a citrate buffer,an acetate buffer, a sulfonic acid buffer (in particular a zwitterionicsulfonic acid buffer), an amino alcohol-based buffer, an arsenatebuffer, as well as mixtures thereof. Specific examples of buffers thatmay be utilized herein include, but are not limited to, monosodiumphosphate, monopotassium phosphate, disodium phosphate, citric acid,acetic acid, borate, N-cyclohexyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (CHES),tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]propanesulfonic acid (TAPS),2-(bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)acetic acid (bicine),tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane) (tris),3-[N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid(tricine), 3-[N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonicacid (TAPSO), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid(HEPES),2-[[1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethanesulfonic acid(TES), piperazine-N,N′-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) (MOPS),piperazine-N,N′-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) (PIPES), dimethylarsenic acid(cacodylate), 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES), bis-trismethane, N-(2-acetamido)iminodiacetic acid (ADA),N-(2-acetamido)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (ACES),3-morpholino-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid (MOPSO), cholamine chloridehydrochloride, triethanolamine,3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propane-1-sulfonic acid (HEPPS),N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N′-(4-butanesulfonic acid (HEPBS),aminomethyl propanol (AMP), including mixtures thereof. In preferredembodiments, the buffer is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonicacid (HEPES).

Another particular advantage of the fluorescent nanocomposite of thepresent disclosure is its photostability under a broad range oftemperatures. It has been found that the disclosed fluorescentnanocomposite maintains its fluorescence emissions intensity, and thuscan be employed for the detection of antimony, in mixtures having atemperature ranging from 5 to 85° C., preferably 10 to 80° C.,preferably 15 to 75° C., preferably 20 to 70° C., preferably 25 to 65°C., preferably 30 to 60° C., preferably 35 to 55° C., preferably 40 to50° C.

Another particular advantage of the fluorescent nanocomposite of thepresent disclosure is its prolonged stability, even in solution, understandard storage conditions (e.g., 5° C.). It has been found that thedisclosed fluorescent nanocomposite maintains its fluorescence emissionsintensity, and thus can be employed for the detection of antimony, evenafter storage times of up to 24 months, preferably up to 20 months,preferably up to 18 months, preferably up to 16 months, preferably up to14 months, preferably up to 12 months, and in most cases the fluorescentnanocomposite can be stored in solution for even longer storage timesthan those listed above.

Measurements

The detection of antimony ions in the fluid sample can be accomplishedusing fluorescence emissions techniques.

In some embodiments, after forming the mixture, a fluorescence emissionprofile of the mixture is measured at an excitation wavelength (%_(x))of 450 nm to determine a presence or absence of antimony ions in thefluid sample. In some embodiments, the fluorescent nanocomposite has afluorescence emission peak at 605 to 620 nm, preferably 607 to 618 nm,preferably 609 to 616 nm, preferably 610 to 614 nm, preferably 612 to613 nm. The fluorescence emissions peak has a maximum intensity in theabsence of antimony, and, upon being exposed to antimony ions, areduction of the intensity of the fluorescence emission peak ensues.

In some embodiments, the method may first involve measuring or otherwiseobtaining a fluorescence emission profile of the fluorescentnanocomposite in a blank sample (which contains no antimony ions) ofequal volume to the fluid sample volume to be tested. Then, aftercontacting the fluorescent nanocomposite with the fluid sample to formthe mixture, the fluorescence emission profile of the mixture can bemeasured and directly compared to that obtained from the blank sample.Such a comparative analysis may advantageously provide accurate andreliable antimony ion detection.

Therefore, the presence of antimony ions in the fluid sample may beindicated by measuring or monitoring for a reduced intensity of thefluorescence emission peak associated with the fluorescentnanocomposite, for example, by comparing the measured intensity to thatof a blank sample in which no antimony ions are present. If theintensity of the fluorescence emission peak (e.g., at 605 to 620 nm) ofthe mixture is the same or substantially the same (e.g., intensitydifference of 2% or less, 1% or less, 0.5% or less, 0.1% or less) asthat of the blank sample, then it can be determined that no antimonyions are present in the mixture (and thus the fluid sample). On theother hand, if the intensity of the fluorescence emission peak (e.g., at605 to 620 nm) of the mixture is reduced (e.g., intensity is reduced bymore than 2%, more than 3%, more than 4%, more than 5%, more than 10%,more than 15%, more than 20%, more than 30%, etc.) compared to that ofthe blank sample, then it can be determined that antimony ions arepresent in the mixture (and thus the fluid sample).

In some embodiments, the method further involves determining/quantifyinga concentration of the antimony ions in the fluid sample. This may beaccomplished by measuring a relative intensity of the mixture (I₀/I),defined as a ratio of a maximum fluorescence intensity of thefluorescent nanocomposite in a blank sample devoid of antimony ions (I₀)to a maximum fluorescence intensity of the mixture (I), and comparing toa calibration curve that relates antimony ion concentration to relativeintensity (I₀/I). For example, an initial fluorescence intensity readout(I₀) of the emissions peak at 605 to 620 nm of the fluorescentnanocomposite in a blank sample may be obtained, then the fluid samplemay be titrated into the fluorescent nanocomposite to form the mixture,and the fluorescence intensity of the emissions peak at 605 to 620 nmmay be measured after each addition (I). The relative intensity of themixture (I₀/I) after each addition may be plotted as a function ofconcentration, and the concentration of antimony ions in the fluidsample may then be calculated by comparing the plot to a calibrationcurve formed using known concentrations of antimony ions, as is known tothose of ordinary skill in the art.

The methods of the present disclosure are preferably selective for thedetection of antimony ions, that is, only the presence of antimony ionsin the mixture produces a reduced intensity readout at the fluorescenceemission peak around 605 to 620 nm. For example, cations other thanantimony which may be present in the fluid sample, including but notlimited to, cations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, barium,strontium, rubidium, cesium, iron (ferrous and ferric), arsenic, cobalt,copper, manganese, nickel, zinc, cadmium, mercury, silver, aluminum,gallium, chromium, lead, and mixtures thereof, do not cause asubstantial fluorescence intensity reduction when combined with thefluorescent nanocomposite. For example, such non-antimony cations reducethe measured intensity by 2% or less, 1% or less, 0.5% or less, 0.1% orless, even when present at 100-fold higher concentrations (or more) thanantimony.

In some embodiments, non-antimony cations (e.g., one or more cations ofsodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, barium, strontium, rubidium,cesium, iron (ferrous and ferric), arsenic, cobalt, copper, manganese,nickel, zinc, cadmium, mercury, silver, aluminum, gallium, chromium, andlead) produce a relative intensity (I₀/I) of less than 1.5, preferablyless than 1.4, preferably less than 1.3, preferably less than 1.2,preferably less than 1.1, when present in the mixture in a concentrationof 100 mg/L. Whereas antimony ions, when present in the mixture at aconcentration of 100 mg/L, preferably produce a relative intensity(I₀/I) of 9 to 10, preferably 9.2 to 9.8, preferably 9.4 to 9.6,preferably 9.5. The change in relative intensity (I₀/I) between antimonycations and non-antimony cations enables extremely accurate and facileantimony ion detection and/or antimony ion concentration determination,even in the presence of various other cations.

Indeed, the methods herein may have a antimony ion detection lower limitof 0.00001 to 0.0001 mg/L, preferably 0.00002 to 0.00008 mg/L,preferably 0.00004 to 0.00006 mg/L, preferably 0.00005 mg/L.

A Method of Removing Antimony Ions

The present disclosure also provides a method of removing antimony ionsfrom a fluid sample. In such removal methods, after forming the mixtureas described above, whereby antimony ions adsorb onto the fluorescentnanocomposite to form a loaded nanocomposite, the loaded nanocompositemay be separated from the mixture by centrifugation and/or filtration.

For example, the fluorescent nanocomposite may be contacted with a fluidsample containing antimony ions to form a mixture, and the mixture maybe agitated (e.g., sonicated) for 1 to 30 minutes, preferably 2 to 25minutes, preferably 4 to 20 minutes, preferably 6 to 15 minutes,preferably 8 to 10 minutes to form the loaded nanocomposite.

The loaded nanocomposite may then be separated from the mixture via oneor more solid-liquid separation techniques/devices, including, but notlimited to a dissolved air flotation (DAF) device; an induced airflotation (IAF) device; a settling tank; a flocculation device usinginduced velocity gradients generated from baffled chambers, granularmedia beads, spiral flow chambers, reciprocating blades, and/or rotatingblades; a centrifuge such as a stacked disc centrifuge, a horizontalsolid bowl centrifuge, a decanter, a tricanter; a recessed chamberfilter press; a rotary drum vacuum filter or other vacuum filter; a beltpress; a pressure filter; a membrane filtration device; parallel plateseparators; a hydrocyclone; walnut shell filters; and media filters. Inpreferred embodiments, the loaded nanocomposite is separated from themixture via centrifugation, preferably by centrifuging the mixture at10,000 to 20,000 rpm, preferably 12,000 to 18,000 rpm, preferably 14,000to 16,000 rpm, and the loaded nanocomposite can be optionally recoveredby drying for example at 20 to 70° C., preferably 25 to 60° C.,preferably 30 to 50° C.

In doing so, a concentration of antimony ions in the fluid sample afterthe contacting and separating is lower than an initial concentration ofantimony ions in the fluid sample. In some embodiments, the methodherein removes at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, preferably atleast 90%, preferably at least 95%, preferably at least 99%, preferablyat least 99.5% of the antimony ions by weight, based on an initialweight of the antimony ions in the fluid sample, as determined forexample by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy(ICP-AES).

The examples below are intended to further illustrate protocols forpreparing the fluorescent nanocomposite and for detecting/removingantimony ions in/from fluid samples using the fluorescent nanocomposite,and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims.

Where a numerical limit or range is stated herein, the endpoints areincluded. Also, all values and subranges within a numerical limit orrange are specifically included as if explicitly written out.

As used herein the words “a” and “an” and the like carry the meaning of“one or more.”

Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the presentinvention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is thereforeto be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, theinvention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically describedherein.

All patents and other references mentioned above are incorporated infull herein by this reference, the same as if set forth at length.

EXAMPLES Example 1

Preparation of Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S Quantum Dots

About 25 mg of tris(cyclopentadienyl)gadolinium and 0.42 mg of thalliumpentafluoropropionate was inserted in a three-neck flask and dissolvedin 80 ml of 1,2-ethanediol. The mixture was heated to 90° C. for 45 minunder nitrogen gas umbrella. Then, 3 mL ofphenyl(trifluoromethyl)sulfide (1.3 mM) was injected quickly. Afterinjection, the temperature of the whole mixture was raised to 140° C.and kept refluxing for 60 min. Then after, the reaction was stopped viaquenching the flask in ice bath at 4° C. for 10 min. The suspension wascollected via centrifugation at 14000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatantwas collected and washed by acetone and 2-propanol to remove the excessof 1,2-ethanediol and centrifuged again at 7000 rpm for 6 min. Theproduct was dried at 60° C. for 8 h. FIG. 1 shows the TEM image of thefinal product. The nanoparticle product has a spherical like shape witha mean size of 5±2 nm. FIG. 2 shows the XRD of the preparedTl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticles. All patterns matched well the cubicphase of GdS (JCPDS-Card no. 26-1423). There are no other peakscorresponding to gadolinium or thallium or sulfur compounds in the XRDpatterns, implying the dissolving of the thallium atoms into thegadolinium sulfide crystal structure.

Example 2

The Surface Decoration of Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S by2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium

About 90 mg of the 2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazoliumbromide was dissolved in 5 ml of ethanol at temperature of 35° C. untilclear and homogenous solution was formed. The as-preparedTl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S (30 mg) was dispersed into the2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium bromide solution andrefluxed at 45° C. for 40 min. The product was collected throughcentrifuging at 10000 rpm for 8 min and left to dry under vacuum. FIG. 3depicts the FTIR spectra of the Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticles beforeand after the surface decoration with2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium. TheTl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S before decoration showed two bands at 575 cm⁻¹ and491 cm⁻¹ which assigned to Gd—S and Gd—S—Tl bending vibrations. The IRspectra for the after decoration with2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium showed absorptionbands at 3513 cm⁻¹ 2891 cm⁻¹, 2846 cm⁻¹, 2611 cm⁻¹, 1642 cm⁻¹, 1391cm⁻¹, 1168 cm⁻¹, 1019 cm⁻¹ and 765 cm⁻¹ are assigned to the stretchingvibrations of O—H and N—H, symmetric C—H, asymmetric C—H, S—C, C—C,H—C—H groups and the bending vibrations of C—O, C—S—Tl, C—S—Gd groups,respectively. This implying that the2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium attached to thesurface of the Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticles.

Example 3

The Photostability of the Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S Decorated2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium in Alkaline andAcidic Media

Water soluble Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticles decorated with2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium were made bydispersing 20 mg of the decorated Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticles in40 ml of deionized water followed by sonication for 20 min at atemperature of 22° C. The pH value of this solution was changed from 2to 6 by adding HCl (2M) from 3 ml to 0.35 ml. The pH value of thissolution was changed from 8 to 11 by adding NaOH (2M) from 0.42 to 1.33ml to the water soluble decorated Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticles. Theluminescence spectra were monitored using Perkin Elmer LS-55Spectrometer. The slit width was adjusted at 1.4 nm at wavelength of 450nm. FIG. 4 shows the effect of pH on the fluorescence intensity of theTl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticles decorated with2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium. The fluorescenceintensity was not changed and kept constant at 41200±80 along the pHrange from 2 to 11, implying the high photostability of theTl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticles decorated with2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium in the acidic andalkaline media.

Example 4

The Photostability of the Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S decorated2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium Against Storage Time

Water soluble Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticles decorated with2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium were made bydispersing 20 mg of the decorated Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticles in40 ml of deionized water followed by sonication for 20 min at atemperature of 22° C. The prepared solution was stored in a refrigeratorat 5° C. for 18 months. The fluorescence of the Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)Snanoparticles decorated with2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium solution wasmonitored along such a period of time for 18 months at the sameconditions presented in Example 3. FIG. 5 shows the impact of thestorage time on the fluorescence intensity of the Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)Snanoparticles decorated with2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium. The fluorescenceintensity showed fixed value at 41200±30 from 1 to 18 months, implyingthe high photostability of the Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticlesdecorated with 2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazoliumagainst storage time.

Example 5

The Photostability of the Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S decorated2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium Against Temperature

Water soluble Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticles decorated with2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium were made bydispersing 20 mg of the decorated Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticles in40 ml of deionized water followed by sonication for 20 min at atemperature of 22° C. The temperature of the Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)Snanoparticles decorated with2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium solution was raisedto 70° C. The fluorescence intensity of the solution was monitored alongthe temperature range from 10° C. to 70° C. at the same conditionspresented in Example 3. FIG. 6 shows the effect of the temperature onthe fluorescence intensity of the Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticlesdecorated with 2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium. Thefluorescence intensity showed a fixed value of 41190±50 along thetemperature range from 10° C. to 70° C., implying the highphotostability of the Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticles decorated with2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium against temperature.

Example 6 Preparation of Antimony Solution in Water

1000 mg of nitronium hexafluoroantimonate was dissolved in 1 L ofdeionized water to obtain an antimony solution of 1000 mg/L. Thisstandard antimony solution was further diluted to get solutions ofdifferent concentrations of antimony (0.001 mg/L, 0.01 mg/L, 0.1 mg/L, 1mg/L, 10 mg/L, 100 mg/L and 1000 mg/L).

Example 7 Detection of Antimony in Water

To each 10 ml of the contaminated water with antimony withconcentrations of 0.001 mg/L, 0.01 mg/L, 0.1 mg/L, 1 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 100mg/L and 1000 mg/L, 50 mg of the Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticlesdecorated with 2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium wereadded and sonicated for 15 min at T=22° C. The fluorescence intensitywas detected by Perkin Elmer LS-55 Spectrometer. The slit width was 1.4nm at wavelength of 450 nm. FIG. 7A shows the FL intensity of theTl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticles decorated with2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium at differentconcentrations of antimony in water. The fluorescence intensity of theTl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticles decorated with2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium was decreased as theconcentration of Sb ions increased. FIG. 7B shows the dependence of thefluorescence intensity of the Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticlesdecorated with 2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium onthe Sb concentration in water. The FL intensity is linearly changed withthe Sb ions concentration along the range 0.001 mg/L to 1000 mg/L withlinear correlation factor of R²=0.999. The linear relationship wasfitted by the Stem-Volmer relation, which defined as

I ₀ /I=1+K _(SV) C  (1)

where I_(o) and I are the FL intensity of the Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)Snanoparticles decorated with2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium in the absence andpresence of antimony ions, respectively. K_(SV) is Stem-Volmer constantand C is the antimony ions concentration. The Stem-Volmer relationfitted well the experimental data and the K_(SV) was found to be about0.06. The detection limit (3σ) was determined and it is about 0.0001mg/L.

Example 8 Detection of Antimony in the Presence of Foreign Ions

Since the practical application of the fluorescence probe mainly dependson its high selectivity of the target ions, the influence of ions foundabundantly in the nature on the Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticlesdecorated with 2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium probewas investigated. FIG. 8 depicts the effect of some selected foreignions on the FL intensity of the Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticlesdecorated with 2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium. TheMg²⁺, K²⁺, Fe³⁺, As³⁺, Hg²⁺, Cr³⁺, Cd²⁺, Co³⁺ and Al³⁺ ions showednegligible effect compared to the Sb⁵⁺ ions at the same concentration(100 mg/L). However, the standard deviation of 20 measurements of the FLintensity in the presence of 1 mg/L of Sb and 100 mg/L of the foreignions was about 1.003%. The introduction of the foreign ions withdifferent ratios (1 TOO, 1:1000, 1:10000 and 1:100000) showedinterference less than 1.004%.

Example 9

Adsorption of Antimony on the Surface of the Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)SNanoparticles Decorated with2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium

To determine the amount of antimony adsorbed by the Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)Snanoparticles decorated with2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium probe, inductivelycoupled plasma mass spectroscopy was performed for the contaminatedwater by antimony before and after the adsorption process. Variouscontaminated samples were firstly prepared in waste water (contains 100mg/L of Sb), tap water (contains 50 mg/L of Sb), well water (contains 20mg/L of Sb), and river water (contains 10 mg/L of Sb). To each 10 ml ofsolution, 50 mg of the Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticles decorated with2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium was added andsonicated for 15 min. Then the Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticlesdecorated with 2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazoliumpowder was collected by centrifuging at 14000 rpm and left to drynaturally at ambient conditions. The ICP-AES analysis for the collectedTl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticles decorated with2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium powder and thesolutions after the adsorption process was performed are presented inTable 1. Table 1 shows that the antimony is adsorbed by theTl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S nanoparticles decorated with2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium. This analysissupports the interaction of antimony with the Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)Snanoparticles decorated with2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazolium, which allows forefficient removal of antimony from the solutions.

TABLE 1 Amount of Sb adsorbed Amount of on the Sb in the Amount ofsurface of sample after Sb in the decorated adsorption Rate of sampleTl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S process removal Sample (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (%)Waste water 100 99.999 Below detection 99.999 limit Tap water 50 49.999Below detection 99.999 limit Well water 20 19.998 Below detection 99.999limit River water 10 9.998 Below detection 99.999 limit

1. A composition comprising a fluorescent nanocomposite, comprising: athallium doped gadolinium chalcogenide having formula Tl_(x)Gd_(1-x)Y,wherein x is 0.01 to 0.1, and Y is selected from the group consisting ofS, Se, or Te, wherein the thallium doped gadolinium chalcogenide is inthe form of core-type quantum dots having an average particle size of 3to 7 nm; and a benzothiazolium salt of formula I bound to a surface ofthe thallium doped gadolinium chalcogenide,

wherein: R¹ is a methyl, an ethyl, or benzyl group, R² and R³ areindependently a methyl, an ethyl, or a 2-cyanoethyl group, R⁴ and R⁵ areindependently a hydrogen or a methyl group, and A is Br, I, or ClO₄. 2.The composition of claim 1, wherein x is 0.04 to 0.06 and Y is S.
 3. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein the thallium doped gadoliniumchalcogenide is Tl_(0.05)Gd_(0.95)S.
 4. (canceled)
 5. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the thallium doped gadolinium chalcogenide is presentin an amount of 14 to 35 wt. %, based on a total weight of thefluorescent nanocomposite.
 6. (canceled)
 7. (canceled)
 8. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein a weight ratio of the benzothiazoliumsalt of formula I to the thallium doped gadolinium chalcogenide is1.95:1 to 6.0:1.
 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein thebenzothiazolium salt of formula I is present in an amount of 65 to 86wt. %, based on a total weight of the fluorescent nanocomposite.
 10. Thecomposition of claim 1, which consists of the thallium doped gadoliniumchalcogenide and the benzothiazolium salt of formula I. 11-20.(canceled)